Evolution Korea: What's The Only Thing Nobody Is Talking About
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In the early days, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with styles of art and a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or build fortifications.
At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a tenet. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be revered and obeyed by everyone, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a short period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territory. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. The people who are awed by the costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand those who support the old system are seeking to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear over potential job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution including illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this segment. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event drew a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which covered its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
One example of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that host seminars and talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion 에볼루션 바카라 elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the samulnori, or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves changing the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that created the system before the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.